Oral Bioavailability Enhancement of Vancomycin Hydrochloride with Cationic Nanocarrier (Leciplex): Optimization, In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Studies

To explore the performance of cationic nanocarrier leciplex (LPX) in escalating oral bioavailability vancomycin hydrochloride (VAN) by promoting its intestinal permeability. With aid a D-optimal design, effect numerous factors, including lipid molar ratio, surfactant type, and on LPX characteristics, entrapment efficacy (EE%), particle size (P.S.), polydispersity index (P.I.), zeta potential value (Z.P.), steady-state flux (Jss) were assessed. The optimized formula was further evaluated terms morphology, ex vivo permeation, stability, cytotoxicity, pharmacokinetic study. spherical-shaped with an E.E. 85.2 ± 0.95%, P.S. 52.74 0.91 nm, P.I. 0.21 0.02, Z.P. + 60.8 1.75 mV, Jss 175.03 1.68 µg/cm2/h. Furthermore, increased permeability VAN 2.3-fold compared to drug solution. Additionally, stable, revealed good mucoadhesive properties, well tolerated for administration. study demonstrated that Cmax 2.99-folds AUC0-12 3.41-folds These outcomes proved potentiality increasing poorly absorbed drugs.